聖經希臘文

Grammar Note - 文法解說
                                                               
                                                                                         

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Ch.1 - The Alphabet

Breathing Marks, Accent, Punctuation

A B G D E Z H Q I K L M N X O P R S T U F C Y W

a b g d e z h q i k l m n x o p r s(j) t u f c y w

 

Ch.2 - Verbs

1) The first principle form (lexical form) Present tense, Active Voice, Indicative Mood

2) Principle Parts: PAI / FAI / AAI / Perf. AI / PPI / API

 

Ch.3 - Second Declension Nouns

1) Usage of Genitive

possessive genitive (whose): the word of God

genitive of origin (where): Jesus of Nazareth

subjective genitive: the lust of fresh

objective genitive: the word of the cross

qualitative genitive (what): a house of cards

genitive as a object of a verb (i.e. pisteuw)

2) Usage of Dative

dative of indirect object: speak a word [to] you  

instrumental dative: hit [by] a rock; defend myself [with] a sword

dative of advantage: teach laws [for] people ([for] whom or what)

dative of disadvantage: hate you [for] your hubris (unwelcome thing)

local dative: go [to] the house

dative of direct object: believe [×] you

3) Special Grammar

neuter Plural subject + Singular verb

 

Ch.4 - First Aorist Active Verbs

1) The first (weak) Aorist Verbs

2) Preposition

 

Ch.5 - First Declension Nouns

1) First Declension Nouns: usually Feminine nouns)

 

Ch.6 - Second Aorist Active Verbs

1) The second (strong) Aorist Verbs

2) Nouns with Unexpected Gender

 

Ch.7 - Adjectives

1) Function and Position of Adjective

attributive function (前有冠詞): [the adj N(sandwich)]/[the N the adj (outside)] the good teacher

predicative function (前無冠詞,要加be): [adj + the N]/[the N + adj ): the teacher is bad

substantive function(前有冠詞,無修飾名詞,N)):[the adj]: the dead people

attributive phrase (數個名詞當adj,前有介係詞): the in-the-wilderness good man

2) Demonstrative Pronoun (this/that)

demonstrative pronoun: predicative position(前無冠詞): [this + the N]/[the N + this]

near demonstrative pronoun: this/these

far demonstrative pronoun: that/those

substantive function: those [ones/things]

 

Ch.8 - Passive Voice

1) Present Passive Indicative

2) Agent of Passive Verbs

a) Impersonal agent: Passive verb + dative noun: avpekta,nqh toi/j li,qoij he was killed [by] the stones

b) Personal agent: u`po + gen. noun: [by]/ u`po + acc. noun: [under]

 

Ch.9 - Middle Voice and Personal Pronoun

 Use of Personal Pronoun

1) emphatic use (subjective position): evgw, le,gw to. te,knon [I] am telling the child

2) identical use (only 3rd person, attributive position): o` auvto.j ku,rioj [the same] lord

3) intensive use (predicative position): auvto.j o` ku,rioj le,gw the lord [himself] is saying

 

Ch.10 - Imperfect Tense and the Verbeimi

1) Use of imperfect Tense

a) express past progressive action

b) express past progressive action: I [was trying] to prevent him

c) customary imperfect: he [used to] release one prisoner

d) inceptive imperfect: I [began to] loose

2) General Rule for Discerning Subject in ei,mi Structure

a) demonstrative and personal pronoun as subject

b) an article noun as subject

c) first noun as subject

 

Ch.11 - miVerbs and Conditional Sentences

1) Simple Conditional (對說話者來說,若條件發生,則結果必然實現)

protasis(條件句): eiv + an indicative-mood verb; Aprdosis (結果句):無限制

eiv de. pneu,mati a;gesqe( ouvk evste, u`po no,mon = But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law.

2) Contrary to Fact Conditional (對說話者來說,條件不可能會發生,因此結果也不可能會實現)

a)現在事實相反:(條件句) eiv+ an imperfect verb;(結果句) an; + an imperfect verb= If you V, you would

b)過去事實相反: (條件句) eiv + an aorist verb; (結果句) an; + an aorist verb= If you had PP, you would V

 

Cp.12 - Future Tense, Deponent Verbs, and Dual Case Preposition 

 

Cp.13 - Use of Subjunctive Mood

1) use of purpose or result:(with i[na): …i[na ba,lwsin ep v auvto,n = in order that they might throw [the stone] at him.

2-1) cohortative subjunctive: proseucw/meqa toi/j anqrw,poij = Let us pray for the persons…

2-2) deliberative subjunctive: dw/men h; mh. dw/men = Shall we give, or shall we not give? (Mk 12:14)

3) used with conjunctions of time or place (with a;n):o[tan asqenw/( dunato,j eivmi =whenever I am weak, I am powerful

4-1) (Third class) hypothetical conditional sentence of present general: eva.n + subjunctive, = If I …, I…

4-2) (Third class) hypothetical conditional sentence of future more probable: eva.n + subjunctive, = If I …, I will…

5) express a prohibition (with mh,): mh. eisenegkhj h`maj eivj peirasmo,n = Do not lead us into temptation (Mt 6:13)

6) emphatic negation (with ouv and mh.): ouv mh. i;dhte me = you will not by any means see me (no way will you see me)

 

Ch.14 - The infinitive

Use if Infinitive

1) use of a verbal compliment: qe,leij de blepein = want to know

2) use to express a purpose or a result: h;lqomen proskunhsai autw = We have come to worship him

3) use as the subject of the impersonal verb: exesti,n soi e;cein auth,n = It is lawful for you to have her

4) Articular Infinitive (follow an article): use as the object of a preposition:

 (a) meta. to.n + infinitive = after…       (b) pro. tou/ + infinitive = before…

  (c)  evn tw/  + infinitive = while…      (d) dia. to.  + infinitive = because of…

  (e)  eivj to.  + infinitive = in order to…  (f)   tou/  + infinitive = to…

 

Ch.15 - Third Declension Nouns

Third Declension NounStemEnding的變化須從Genitive form來判斷

 

Ch.16 - Perfect Tense and Pluperfect (過去完全) Tense

 1) Use of Perfect Tense

  a) have + p.p. (e.g. le,luka = I have loosed)

  b) to be + p.p. (e.g. ge,graptai =It is wrttien)

 2) Use of Pluperfect Tense

  a) had + p.p. (e.g. evlh,luqei = She had come)

 

Ch.17 - Relative Pronoun (關係代名詞)

 1) Relative pronoun (who/that/which)

 2) Interrogative pronoun (who/what/whom/whose)

 3) Indefinite pronoun (some)

 4) Indefinite Relative pronoun (whoever/whatever)

 5) Reflexive (反身) pronoun (myself/ yourself/ himself/ itself)

 6) Reciprocal Pronoun (avllh,loij to one another/ avllh,louj one another/ avllh,lwn of one another)

 

Ch.18 - Present Active Participle (分詞 Ving) and the Adjective Use of Participle

 1) Parsing participle: o` le,gwn = Present Active Participle/ Mas./ Single/ Nominative

 2) Adjective Use of Participle

  a) Attributive use (前有冠詞): o` le,gwn maqhth,j / o` maqhth,j o` le,gwn = the speaking disciple

  b) Predicative use (前無冠詞,要加be): zw/n o` lo,goj = the word is living  

  c) Substantive use(前有冠詞,無修飾名詞,N使用): o` le,gwn = the one who speaks / the speaking one

 

Ch.19 - Aorist Active Participle and the Adverbial Use of Participle

 Adverbial Use of Participle

  1) the temporal (時間的) participle: express an action prior to, contemporaneous with, or subsequent to the action of the main verb. Translated by adding “when, while”.

e.g.: prosh/lqon auvtw/| dida,skonti oi` avrcierei/j =the high priest came to him while he was preaching   

  2) the causal (原因的) participle: express a factor. Translated by adding “because, for”.

e.g.: di,kaioj w;n kai. mh.… =Because he was a righteous man and he did not want to disgrace Mary.

  3) the concessive (讓步,妥協,允許) participle: Translated by adding “although, despite”.

  4) the modal (情態的) participle: express specificity. Translated by adding 補充說明.

e.g.: kai. evla,lei euvlogw/n to.n qeo,n = and he spoke, blessing God.

  5) the participle of attendant (伴隨的) circumstance: express additional action. Translated by adding “and.” e.g.: perih/gen ta.j kw,maj ku,klw| dida,skwn =he went on around the villages and taught

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
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by 魏連嶽